The who guidelines on production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins presented in this website cover all steps in the production and regulatory control of snake antivenoms and contain an appendix which lists the worldwide distribution of venomous snakes, clinically relevant for the production of venoms and antivenoms. Pdf snakebite and envenomation management in malaysia. Current technology for the industrial manufacture of snake. Toxins 2016, 8, 226 2 of 33 antivenom for animal use on the market for scorpion stings, whereas only 10 antivenoms are used clinically for the treatment of spider bites see tables 1 and 2, respectively. Antivenom is a mixture of hyperimmune globulins and other proteins obtained from the serum of animals horses, sheep that have been immunized with the venom of a snake. Who who guidelines for the production, control and. Pdf development and improvement in the snake antivenom. Snake antivenom immunoglobulins antivenoms are the only specific treatment for envenoming by snakebites.
Serum anti ular bisa sabu is the only snake antivenom produced locally in indonesia. Biotechnological trends in spider and scorpion antivenom. Industrial production of snake antivenoms comprises several stages, such as. Antivenoms can prevent or reverse most of the snakebite. Assessing sabu serum anti bisa ular, the sole indonesian. Who guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins. Antivenom for snakebite was first developed back in 1886 and local production started in pietermaritzburg in 1901 but in small quantities with most of the antivenom still being imported from the pasteur institute in paris, france.
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